Locators & Interactions

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# Preferred — fast and readable
driver.find_element(By.ID, "username")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[name='email']")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".btn-primary")

# Useful for complex relationships
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//button[text()='Submit']")
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//label[text()='Name']/following-sibling::input")

# Avoid when possible — brittle
driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "submit")   # fails if class changes
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "button")     # matches ALL buttons

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

# Typing
field = driver.find_element(By.ID, "search")
field.clear()
field.send_keys("Selenium tutorial")
field.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)   # press Enter

# Clicking
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button[type='submit']").click()

# Reading
el = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1")
print(el.text)                              # visible text
print(el.get_attribute("data-id"))          # HTML attribute
print(el.get_attribute("value"))            # for inputs

# Checkbox / radio
checkbox = driver.find_element(By.ID, "agree")
if not checkbox.is_selected():
    checkbox.click()

# Dropdown
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
sel = Select(driver.find_element(By.ID, "country"))
sel.select_by_visible_text("United Kingdom")

# Returns a list — empty list if nothing found (no exception)
items = driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "ul.results li")
for item in items:
    print(item.text)

# Check count
assert len(items) == 5, f"Expected 5 results, got {len(items)}"